Bash Script - Protect your server from DDos (Distributed Denial of Service) Attack

What is DDos attack:
On the Internet, a distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack is one in which a multitude of compromised systems attack a single target, thereby causing denial of service for users of the targeted system. The flood of incoming messages to the target system essentially forces it to shut down, thereby denying service to the system to legitimate users.

DDoS-Deflate is a very simple but effective bash script which monitors the numbers of connection made by a particular ip address using 'netstat' command and if the number of connection from a single ip address reaches a particular limit (150 default) it will block that ip address using simple iptables rules for defined time period.

DDoS-Deflate Installation:
Open the terminal and type following command:

wget http://www.inetbase.com/scripts/ddos/install.sh
chmod 0700 install.sh
./install.sh

After successful installation, you can find the DDoS-Deflate configuration file at: /usr/local/ddos/ddos.config

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Bash Script: Script to check internet connection

Below is simple bash script to test the Internet connection using wget utility.
Feel free to copy and use this script

Source: cat internet_connection.sh
#!/bin/bash

HOST=$1
WGET="/usr/bin/wget"

$WGET -q --tries=10 --timeout=5 $HOST
RESULT=$?

if [[ $RESULT -eq 0 ]]; then
        echo "Connection made successfully to $HOST"
else
        echo "Fail to make connection to $HOST"
fi

Output:
./internet_connection.sh http://yahoo.com
Connection made successfully to http://yahoo.com

./internet_connection.sh http://yahosssss.com
Fail to make connection to http://yahosssss.com

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Web Based Linux Command Line SSH Terminal - Ajaxterm

Ajaxterm is a web based terminal written in python and some AJAX JavaScript for client side.  It can use almost any web browser and even works through firewalls.. It was totally inspired and works almost exactly like http://anyterm.org/ except it's much easier to install.


Ajaxterm Installation:
Ubuntu users can use following command to install Ajaxterm:

sudo apt-get install ajaxterm

Other distribution:
Open the terminal and type following command to install  Ajaxterm:

wget http://antony.lesuisse.org/ajaxterm/files/Ajaxterm-0.10.tar.gz
tar zxvf Ajaxterm-0.10.tar.gz
cd Ajaxterm-0.10
./ajaxterm.py

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Top Things to do after installing Ubuntu

So you have just installed ubuntu and want to know what's next, so open up the terminal (Applications > Accessories > Terminal) and get started...

Install the essential compilation software
Even if you are not interested in developing, you may need these packages in order to install applications by compiling source code.

sudo apt-get build-essential

Add the Medibuntu repositories which will add support for all codecs dvd and audio / video

sudo wget - output-document = /etc/apt/sources.list.d/medibuntu.list http://www.medibuntu.org/sources.list.d/ $ (lsb_release-cs).list
sudo apt-get -quiet update
sudo apt-get --yes --quiet --allow-unauthenticated install medibuntu-keyring
sudo apt-get -quiet update

Install support for playing encrypted DVD:

sudo aptitude install libdvdcss2

Install support for adding multimedia codecs:

In Ubuntu 32 bits: sudo apt-get install w32codecs
In Ubuntu 64 bits: sudo apt-get install w64codecs

Other codecs:  sudo apt-get install non-free-codecs

Install VLC Media Player:
It is a multimedia player that plays almost any format of audio and video.

sudo add-apt-repository ppa: n-muench/vlc
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install vlc vlc-plugin-esd mozilla-plugin-vlc

Banshee:
Music management and playback application for GNOME

sudo add-apt-repository ppa: banshee-team/ppa
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install banshee
sudo apt-get install banshee-extension-ubuntuonemusicstore

MPlayer:
MPlayer is one of the most popular media player available on linux , it supports playing all the major audio/video file formats

sudo apt-get install mplayer

Moovida Media center:
Moovida is much more than a simple media player... it is a cutting edge media center bringing the best of the internet to your TV screen

sudo apt-get install moovida

XBMC:
XBMC is an award-winning free and open source (GPL) software media player and entertainment hub for digital media. XBMC is available for Linux, OSX, Windows, and the original Xbox.

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:team-xbmc
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install xbmc

Flash plugin for 64 bit

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:sevenmachines/flash
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install flashplugin64-installer

Install support for Java application

sudo aptitude install sun-java6-fonts sun-java6-jre sun-java6-plugin

Bisigi Themes
These themes can be installed by adding besigi project repository, Open terminal and copy the following commands:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:bisigi/dev
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install bisigi-themes

Screenlets:
Screenlets are small owner-drawn applications (written in Python) that can be described as "the virtual representation of things lying/standing around on your desk". Sticky notes, clocks, rulers, ... the possibilities are endless.

sudo apt-get install screenlets

Ubuntu Tweak:
Ubuntu Tweak is a must have application for Ubuntu and LinuxMint, it is an application to config Ubuntu easier for everyone. It provides many useful desktop and system options that the default desktop environment doesn't provide.

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:tualatrix/ppa
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install ubuntu-tweak

7zip:
p7zip is the Unix port of 7-Zip, a file archiver that archives with very high compression ratios.

sudo apt-get install p7zip-full

Speed up the application launch
Preload is considered to be read-ahead daemon application as it analyzes the applications which user runs, and on the basis of this analysis it predicts which applications user can run next time and launches these applications in RAM.

sudo apt-get install preload

Now to start preload run the following command in terminal: sudo /etc/init.d/preload start

Install Ailurus
Ailurus is an application designed for making Linux easier to use. You can use it to install software and change system settings.

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ailurus
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install ailurus

Install Wine
Wine is a tool that allows us to run Windows programs on GNU / Linux.

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-wine/ppa
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install wine

PlayOnLinux
PlayOnLinux is a piece of sofware which allows you to easily install and use numerous games and softwares designed to run with Microsoft®'s Windows®.

sudo apt-get install playonlinux

A few plugins for compiz:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:compiz/ppa
sudo apt-get install compiz-fusion-extra-plugins

Skype:
Since Ubuntu 10.04 (Lucid Lynx), Skype is part of the Canonical partner repository.

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install skype

Pidgin:
Pidgin is a GTK2-based instant messenger application. It supports multiple protocols via modules, including AIM, ICQ, Yahoo!, MSN, Jabber, IRC, Napster, Gadu-Gadu and Zephyr.

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:pidgin-developers/ppa
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install pidgin

Emesene:
Emesene is a nice and simple MSN Messenger client. It tries to be similar to the official client, but with a simpler interface and a nicer look.

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:bjfs/ppa
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install emesene

Install Liferea
Liferea (Linux Feed Reader) is an aggregator for online news feeds.

sudo aptitude install liferea

Twitter Clients
In ubuntu is installed by default we Gwibber, but we can install other as:

Oriole

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:effie-jayx/turpial
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get and install turpial

Install JDownloader
jdownloader is a great tool to download file from share websites like rapidshare.com and many more

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:jd-team/jdownloader
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install jdownloader

Downloader For X:
Downloader for X is a nice download manager that allows downloading files from Internet , pausing them and downloading them later . It also supports splitting file into number of segments so that files could be downloaded quickly.

sudo apt-get install d4x

Deluge
The Deluge application was designed to be a full-featured BitTorrent client. Deluge uses libtorrent in it's backend and PyGTK for it's user interface,  and is  currently usable on POSIX-compliant operating systems.

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:deluge-team/ppa
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install deluge

Vuze
Vuze is a bitorrent client that is used to download and share files using the p2p network

sudo apt-get install vuze

Filezilla
Filezilla is the best ftp client for Linux

sudo apt-get install filezilla

Install Chromium
I prefer firefox before chromium but is very useful to have another browser installed.

sudo add-apt-repository ppa: chromium-daily/ppa
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install-and chromium-chromium-browser-ffmpeg-nonfree codecs

Install Shutter
It is a tool that allows you to capture screen, edit and upload them to servers such as imageshack.

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:shutter/ppa
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install shutter

Install burg
BURG stands for Brand-new Universal loadeR from GRUB. It's based on GRUB, and add features like new object format and configurable menu system.

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:bean123ch/burg
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install burg-pc burg burg-themes burg-emu

Install OpenShot
It is one of the best video editors for Linux, it is easy to use and has a large number of effects and transitions.

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:jonoomph/openshot-edge
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install openshot

Backup tool: Deja Dup:
Deja Dup is a simple backup tool. It hides the complexity of doing backups the 'right way' (encrypted, off-site, and regular) and uses duplicity as the back-end.

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:deja-dup-team/ppa
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install deja-dup 

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Installing Oracle VM VirtualBox on Ubuntu

VirtualBox is a cross-platform virtualization application.

What does that mean? For one thing, VirtualBox installs on your existing Intel or AMD-based computers, whether they are running Windows, Mac, Linux or Solaris operating systems. Secondly, VirtualBox extends the capabilities of your existing computer so that VirtualBox can run multiple operating systems (inside multiple virtual machines) at the same time. So, for example, you can run Windows and Linux on your Mac, run Windows Server 2008 on your Linux server, run Linux on your Windows PC, and so on, all alongside your existing applications. You can install and run as many virtual machines as you like -- the only practical limits are disk space and memory.

Features of "Oracle VirtualBox 3.2.0":
 * Avirtual SAS controller, emulating the LsiLogic SAS controller.
 * Dynamic memory ‘ballooning,’ enabling 64-bit hosts to adjust the amount of memory dedicated to a VM on the fly.
 * Guest Automation API.
 * Large Page support for increased performance.
 * Limited, experimental support for Mac OS X guests.
 * Multi-monitor support in Windows guests.
 * Page Fusion, a new feature that de-duplicates RAM used by similar VMs.
 * RDP video acceleration.
 * Snapshots can now be deleted while the VM is running.
 * Support for desktop and server versions of Ubuntu “Lucid Lynx” 10.04 LTS.
 * Support for Oracle Enterprise Linux 5.5.
 * Support for the Unrestricted Guest Execution feature in Intel Core i5, Core i7 and Xeon 5600 Series processors.
 * USB tablet/keyboard emulation.
 * vCPU hot-plugging for Linux and some Windows guests.

Installing VirtualBox:
To install VirtualBox, you need to add the non free repository, add one of the following lines according to your distribution to your /etc/apt/sources.list:

deb http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/debian lucid non-free
deb http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/debian karmic non-free
deb http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/debian jaunty non-free
deb http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/debian intrepid non-free
deb http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/debian hardy non-free
deb http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/debian squeeze non-free
deb http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/debian lenny non-free
deb http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/debian etch non-free

Add the verification key, type this command :
wget -q http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/debian/oracle_vbox.asc -O- | sudo apt-key add -

To install VirtualBox, do
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install virtualbox-3.2

This command will install the latest stable version of VirtualBox3.2.

Note: Ubuntu users might want to install the dkms package to ensure that the VirtualBox host kernel modules (vboxdrv, vboxnetflt and vboxnetadp) are properly updated if the linux kernel version changes during the next apt-get upgrade. The dkms package can be installed through the Synaptic Package manager or through the following command: sudo apt-get install dkms

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How to install RealPlayer on Ubuntu Linux

RealPlayer is a closed source cross-platform media player by RealNetworks that plays a number of multimedia formats including MP3, MPEG-4, QuickTime, Windows Media, and multiple versions of proprietary RealAudio and RealVideo formats.

Note: The .deb package currently available from the RealNetworks site is a 32-bit build of RealPlayer. The .deb file available from the Medibuntu repository will run on 64-bit systems.

Installing RealPlayer:
Add the Medibuntu Repositories, RealPlayer is available through the Medibuntu non-free repository.

The following command will register the Medibuntu repository with your system's Advanced Packaging Tool (APT) and import the Medibuntu keyring. The command should be run in the Terminal (Applications -> Accessories -> Terminal). The command is not release specific - it will determine which version of Ubuntu is running and install the appropriate repositories.

sudo wget http://www.medibuntu.org/sources.list.d/`lsb_release -cs`.list --output-document=/etc/apt/sources.list.d/medibuntu.list
sudo apt-get -q update
sudo apt-get --yes -q --allow-unauthenticated install medibuntu-keyring
sudo apt-get -q update

A line similar to the following will be created in /etc/apt/sources.list.d/medibuntu.list. The entry will reflect the codename of the Ubuntu release you are currently using.

Open the Terminal via Applications > Accessories > Terminal.

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install realplayer

The default installation location is /opt/real/RealPlayer.

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Utility to Convert any Video to iPod, iPod Touch and iPhone MP4 Compatible Format - Furius iConverter

Furius iConverter is a simple GTK interface provides users with a convenient front-end for converting any FFMpeg-supported video format into iPod/iPhone friendly MP4.

Furius iConverter feature:
 * Easy to use
 * Converts any video
 * No configuration needed
 * Supports drag and drop
 * Supports batch conversion
 * Automatically creates high quality videos for your device
 * Automatically fixes codec errors
 * Automatically detects source video aspect ratio and converts appropriately

Please note:
Some distributions come with  a cut down version of ffmpeg and you may need to compile from source.
For Ubuntu users you can enable the Medibuntu repositories and download a fully working version by issuing the following commands:

sudo wget –output-document=/etc/apt/sources.list.d/medibuntu.list http://www.medibuntu.org/sources.list.d/$(lsb_release -cs).list && sudo apt-get –quiet update && sudo apt-get –yes –quiet –allow-unauthenticated install medibuntu-keyring && sudo apt-get –quiet update
sudo apt-get install ffmpeg libavcodec-extra-52

Ubuntu users:
Download  furiusiconverter_0.1.1.0_all.deb and install by double click on the downloaded .deb file.
You can find Furius iConverter under  Sound & Video

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Text Encryption utility using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) - Furius Cipher

Furius Cipher is a simple text encryption utility using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES).

Here are some key features of "Furius Cipher":
 * US Government standard text encryption.
 * Supports UTF8 character encoding.
 * Text can be loaded from and saved to files.

Installation:
Ubuntu Users can download the deb file from here, double click the download .deb file to install.

Create a launcher for Gnome user:
 * Right-click on the gnome panel (the taskbar at the top of the screen) and choose “Add to Panel”
 * Select “Custom Application Launcher” and fill in these values:

Type: Application
Name: Furius Cipher
Command: furiuscipher

 * You can also select an icon to use with the launcher.
 * Click “OK” to save the changes

Click the new launcher to start.

Other Users can Compile from the source file furiuscipher-1.0.0.tar.gz
 * wget http://www.marcus-furius.com/files/FuriusCipher/furiuscipher-1.0.0.tar.gz
 * tar xzvf furiuscipher-1.0.0.tar.gz
 * cd furiuscipher-1.0.0
 * ./configure
 * make
 * su -c "make install"

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Converts many CD-ROM image (BIN, MDF, PDI, CDI, NRG, and B5I) formats to ISO9660 - Iat

Iat (Iso9660 Analyzer Tool) is a tool for detecting the structure of many types of CD-ROM image file formats, such as BIN, MDF, PDI, CDI, NRG, and B5I, and  converting them into ISO-9660.

Installation:
It’s included in the Debian repositories, so install it using apt-get install iat, or install it using the synaptic software management tool and use it like in the following

Other can compile and install the iat package, open up the terminal and type following command:

wget http://www.ohloh.net/p/iat/download?filename=iat-0.1.7.tar.bz2
bunzip2 iat-0.1.7.tar.bz2
cd iat
./configure && make && sudo make install

Using iat:
Convert MDF-image to ISO9660: iat my_image.mdf my_new_image.iso
Convert NGR to ISO9660: iat cd_image.nrg cd_image.iso
Convert BIN-image to ISO9660: iat my_image.bin > my_new_image.iso

Write CD directly from MDF-format: iat my_image.mdf | cdrecord

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IDS/IPS/WAF Evasion & Flooding Tool - Inundator

Inundator is a multi-threaded, queue-driven, IDS evasion tool. Its purpose is to anonymously flood intrusion detection systems (specifically Snort) with traffic designed to trigger false positives via a SOCKS proxy in order to obfuscate a real attack.

The general idea is one would launch inundator prior to starting an attack, allow it to run during the attack, and continue to run it a while longer after you’ve accomplished the attack. The goal, of course, is to generate an overwhelming number of false positives so that your real attack is essentially buried within the other alerts, minimizing the chance of your attack being detected. It could also be used to ruin an IDS analyst’s day, or keep an organization’s infosec department busy for a while.

Other Example Scenarios:
  * Before, during, and after a real attack to bury any potential alerts among a flood of false positives.
  * Seriously mess with an IDS analyst and keep an InfoSec department busy for days investigating false positives.
  * Test the effectiveness of an intrusion detection or prevention system. Less alerts means a better product; more alerts means a horrible product.

USE THIS TOOL FOR LEGAL PURPOSES ONLY!

Downloading and installing Inundator:
The preferred method of installation for all other .deb-based distributions is via software repository. This is by far the best and simplest way of installing Inundator and its dependencies.

Add repository to /etc/apt/sources.list:

deb http://inundator.sourceforge.net/repo/ all/

Next, download and install our GPG key:

wget http://inundator.sourceforge.net/inundator.asc
apt-key add inundator.asc

Then you can automatically pull in Inundator and all its dependencies:

aptitude update
aptitude install inundator

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Large Text File (logs) viewer - Rowscope

Rowscope is a file viewer for large text files. It can read files larger than 1 GB. It is very fast (a few seconds to examine a 1GB file) and it never blocks.

The idea back Rowscope is that a person cannot read the whole file when it is so large; a person can only read some parts of the file, possibly the ones that contain the information he is looking for.
For example when somebody reads the log file produced by an application, he will probably look for a specific error or for the lines produced in a specific period of the day.

With Rowscope the user:
Localizes the part or parts of the file that he wants to read, using search strings or regular expressions.
Then he can expand one of the rows he has found, which means that he makes Rowscope display the rows immediately before or after that row.

The main features of Rowscope are the following:
  * It never blocks the GUI. The user is able to write text and click buttons when Rowscope is loading a file.
  * It does not monopolize the CPU. There are moments in which Rowscope uses some CPU, but it never blocks the other applications.
  * It does not use a large amount of memory. It uses some MBytes of memory, but it never becomes a problem for the operating system or the other applications.
  * It is always able to stop. It is always possible to stop or close Rowscope, also when it is loading/analyzing a file.

Installation:
you need to have java installed in-order to use Rowcopy

wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/rowscope/files/1.0/rowscope_1_0_linux_gtk_32.jar/download
java -jar rowscope_1_0_linux_gtk_32.jar

Above command will install the Rowscope into your home directory

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Download entire website using Wget for offline viewing on Linux

GNU Wget is a free utility for non-interactive download of files from the Web.  It supports HTTP, HTTPS, and FTP protocols, as well as retrieval through HTTP proxies.

Wget is non-interactive, meaning that it can work in the background, while the user is not logged on.  This allows you to start a retrieval and disconnect from the system, letting Wget finish the work.  By contrast, most of the Web browsers require constant user's presence, which can be a  great hindrance when transferring a lot of data.

Wget can follow links in HTML and XHTML pages and create local versions of remote web sites, fully recreating the directory structure of the original site.  This is sometimes referred to as "recursive downloading."  While doing that, Wget respects the Robot Exclusion Standard (robots.txt).  Wget can be instructed to convert the links in downloaded HTML files to the local files for offline viewing.

Wget has been designed for robustness over slow or unstable network connections; if a download fails due to a network problem, it will keep retrying until the whole file has been retrieved.  If the server supports regetting, it will instruct the server to continue the download from where it left off.

Most of the Linux distribution comes with Wget installed, so you don't have to do anything to install Wget

Using Wget to download entire website:
Create directory where you are planing to store the website content: mkdir /home/nikesh/linuxpoison
use following command to download the website:

wget -r -Nc -mk http://linuxdotnet.blogspot.com/

-r  Turn on recursive retrieving
-N  Turn on time-stamping
-m  Create a mirror
-k  Convert the link

After completion all content will get downloaded into your directory for  offline viewing.

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How to view and download lyrics for various Music Players on Linux - OSD Lyrics

OSD Lyrics is an application for downloading and showing up the lyric while you play your media on following supported media players.

Media Player Support
OSD Lyrics communicates with music players through IPC.
OSD Lyrics currently supports following media players: 
 * Amarok 1.4 (use --enable-amarok1 to compile)
 * Amarok 2.0
 * Audacious
 * Banshee
 * Rhythmbox
 * XMMS
 * Exaile

OSD Lyrics can download lyrics from following web sites:
 * Sogou http://mp3.sogou.com/
 * Qianqian http://www.qianqian.com/index.html 

Installation:
Ubuntu 9.10 or later
Go to terminal and type following command to install osd-lyrics:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:osd-lyrics/ppa
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install osdlyrics

Fedora:
Go to terminal and type following command to install osd-lyrics:

su -c 'wget http://dl.dropbox.com/u/1352061/liangsuilong.repo -P /etc/yum.repos.d/'
yum makecache
yum install osd-lyrics

or you can install osd-lyrics directly using rpm command
Download the osd-lyrics rpm file from here and install it using following command

rpm -ivh osd-lyrics-0.3.20100330-1.fc12.i686.rpm

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Ailurus makes Linux easier

Ailurus is an application which tells its users about tricks for enhancing their use of Ubuntu / Fedora Linux. It puts tricks in tool-tip text and a "Tip of the day" window. It also displays information about the system's BIOS, motherboard, CPU, and battery. It has an interface for changing some GNOME settings. It can install and remove some applications which are not provided in the official Ubuntu apt repository. It can detect the speed of apt mirrors and find the fastest one. It can enable and disable some third party repositories.

Features:
  * Help users learn some Linux skills
  * Install some nice applications
  * Enable some third party repositories
  * Display basic hardware information
  * Clean APT/YUM cache
  * Backup and recover APT/YUM status
  * Change GNOME settings

Installation:
Ubuntu / Mint:
Open a terminal window and copy and pasting the following commands into your terminal:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ailurus
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install ailurus

Fedora:
Open a terminal window and copy and pasting the following commands into your terminal:

su -c 'wget http://homerxing.fedorapeople.org/ailurus.repo -O /etc/yum.repos.d/ailurus.repo'
su -c 'yum makecache'
su -c 'yum install ailurus'

In order to launch Ailurus, click menu "Applications -> System Tools -> Ailurus".

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Add Multimedia support in Ubuntu 10.04 LTS (Lucid Lynx)

Ubuntu 10.04 LTS (Lucid Lynx) cannot include support for MP3 or DVD video playback or recording. MP3 formats are patented, and the patent holders have not provided the necessary licenses. Ubuntu 10.04 LTS (Lucid Lynx) also excludes other multimedia software due to patent, copyright, or license restrictions, such as Adobe Flash Player and RealNetworks RealPlayer.
That doesn’t mean you can’t play .mp3 files in Ubuntu 10.04 LTS (Lucid Lynx), it just takes a bit of work (not much).

Follow these instructions to get mp3 and other multimedia support on your Ubuntu 10.04 LTS (Lucid Lynx).

$ sudo wget --output-document=/etc/apt/sources.list.d/medibuntu.list http://www.medibuntu.org/sources.list.d/$(lsb_release -cs).list
$ sudo apt-get --quiet update
$ sudo apt-get --yes --quiet --allow-unauthenticated install medibuntu-keyring
$ sudo apt-get --quiet update

After adding the repositories, install the codecs:
Install non-free-codecs:

$ sudo apt-get install non-free-codecs

Install DVD Support by using following command:

$ sudo apt-get install libdvdcss2

Windows codecs:

sudo apt-get install w32codecs

VLC player and Mplayer:

$ sudo apt-get install vlc mplayer

Adobe Acrobat Reader

$sudo apt-get install acroread acroread-plugins

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libextractor - Extracting Metadata from any types of files using Linux

GNU libextractor is a library used to extract meta data from files of arbitrary type. It is designed to use helper-libraries to perform the actual extraction, and to be trivially extendable by linking against external extractors for additional file types

Currently, libextractor supports the following formats: HTML, PDF, PS, OLE2 (DOC, XLS, PPT), OpenOffice (sxw), StarOffice (sdw), DVI, MAN, FLAC, MP3 (ID3v1 and ID3v2), NSF(E) (NES music), SID (C64 music), OGG, WAV, EXIV2, JPEG, GIF, PNG, TIFF, DEB, RPM, TAR(.GZ), ZIP, ELF, S3M (Scream Tracker 3), XM (eXtended Module), IT (Impulse Tracker), FLV, REAL, RIFF (AVI), MPEG, QT and ASF.  Also, various additional MIME types are detected.

Installation:

wget http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/libextractor/libextractor-0.6.0.tar.gz
tar xvfz libextractor-0.4.1.tar.gz
cd libextractor-0.4.1
./configure --prefix=/usr/local
make
make install

After installing libextractor, the extract tool can be used to obtain metadata from documents.

Using libextractor: 
Below is the simple example of extracting the metadata from any given FLV file

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How To play encrypted DVDs on Ubuntu

To play encrypted DVDs, the libdvdcss2 package is essential. libdvdcss2 is a simple library designed for accessing DVDs like a block device without having to bother about the decryption. More information about this package can be found at VideoLAN.

You can install libdvdcss2 as a 64-bit .deb package without installing the Medibuntu repositories:

wget -c http://packages.medibuntu.org/pool/free/libd/libdvdcss/libdvdcss2_1.2.10-0.2medibuntu1_amd64.deb
sudo dpkg -i libdvdcss2_1.2.10-0.2medibuntu1_amd64.deb

or a 32-bit .deb package:

wget -c http://packages.medibuntu.org/pool/free/libd/libdvdcss/libdvdcss2_1.2.10-0.2medibuntu1_i386.deb
sudo dpkg -i libdvdcss2_1.2.10-0.2medibuntu1_i386.deb

You can also use guidelines provided at Medibuntu. This will install the Medibuntu repositories on your system and then install the libdvdcss2 package:

sudo wget http://www.medibuntu.org/sources.list.d/karmic.list --output-document=/etc/apt/sources.list.d/medibuntu.list
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install medibuntu-keyring
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install libdvdcss2

You can also install 32 bit or 64 bit Windows multimedia codecs (if you haven't already done so using ubuntu-restricted-extras):

sudo apt-get install w32codecs or  sudo apt-get install w64codecs

Instead of downloading directly from Medibuntu, you could also use the script included with the libdvdread4 package to download and install libdvdcss2:

sudo apt-get install libdvdread4
sudo /usr/share/doc/libdvdread4/install-css.sh

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How to use Mac Fonts on Linux

Just follow these simple steps on installing and using Mac fonts onLinux.

Installing the fonts:
Open up the Linux terminal and download the Mac font files with this command:

$ wget http://ubuntu-debs.googlecode.com/files/macfonts.tar.gz

Extract the font files:

$ tar zxvf macfonts.tar.gz

Move the extracted fonts directory to the system fonts directory

$ sudo mv macfonts /usr/share/fonts

Reload the font cache:

$ sudo fc-cache -f -v

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